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Enhanced Quality Thin Film Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2 for Semiconductor Device Applications by Vapor-Phase Recrystallization

Enhanced quality thin films of Cu.sub.w (In,Ga.sub.y)Se.sub.z for semiconductor device applications are fabricated by initially forming a Cu-rich, phase-separated compound mixture comprising Cu(In,Ga):Cu.sub.x Se on a substrate to form a large-grain precursor and then converting the excess Cu.sub.x
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Fabrication of Optically Reflecting Ohmic Contacts for Semiconductor Devices

A method is provided to produce a low-resistivity ohmic contact having high optical reflectivity on one side of a semiconductor device. The contact is formed by coating the semiconductor substrate with a thin metal film on the back reflecting side and then optically processing the wafer by illuminat
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Heterojunction Solar Cell

A high-efficiency single heterojunction solar cell wherein a thin emitter layer (preferably Ga.sub.0.52 In.sub.0.48 P) forms a heterojunction with a GaAs absorber layer. The conversion effiency of the solar cell is at least 25.7%. The solar cell preferably includes a passivating layer between the su
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Heterojunction Solar Cell with Passivated Emitter Surface

A high-efficiency heterojunction solar cell wherein a thin emitter layer (preferably Ga.sub.0.52 In.sub.0.48 P) forms a heterojunction with a GaAs absorber layer. A passivating window layer of defined composition is disposed over the emitter layer. The conversion efficiency of the solar cell is at l
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High Carrier Concentration P-Type Transparent Conducting Oxide Films

A p-type transparent conducting oxide film is provided which is consisting essentially of, the transparent conducting oxide and a molecular doping source, the oxide and doping source grown under conditions sufficient to deliver the doping source intact onto the oxide.
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High Efficiency Low Cost Thin Film Silicon Solar Cell Design and Method for Making

A semiconductor device having a substrate, a conductive intermediate layer deposited onto said substrate, wherein the intermediate layer serves as a back electrode, an optical reflector, and an interface for impurity gettering, and a semiconductor layer deposited onto said intermediate layer, wherei
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Impurity Gettering in Semiconductors

A process for impurity gettering in a semiconductor substrate or device such as a silicon substrate or device. The process comprises hydrogenating the substrate or device at the back side thereof with sufficient intensity and for a time period sufficient to produce a damaged back side. Thereafter, t
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Interdigitalized Photovoltaic Power Conversion Device

A photovoltaic power conversion device has a top surface adapted to receive impinging radiation. The device includes at least two adjacent, serially connected cells. Each cell includes a semi-insulating substrate and a lateral conductivity layer of a first doped electrical conductivity disposed on t
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Using Novel Enzymes to Produce Advanced Biofuels

APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY: Biosynthesis of carboxylic acids and lactones for biofuel production ADVANTAGES: - Provides biofuel alternatives to ethanol - The new enzymes can be modified to tailor-make a wide variety of lactones and carboxylic acids - Controlled placement of ester linkages may r
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Assays Based on the Role of Dystroglycan and Alpha-Dystroglycan Proteolysis in Tumor Cell Growth

PATENT SUMMARY: The present invention relates to methods and compositions for the diagnosis and treatment of cells lacking normal growth arresting characteristics. This characteristic is referred to as "tumorigenicity," which means the properties of a cell normally associated with tumor forming pro
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PR-A (Progesterone Receptor A) Transgenic Mice Allow Study of Female Reproductive Endocrinology

APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY: - Understanding normal developmental processes - Study of human polymorphisms related to uterine cancer - Study of the endocrine basis of breast cancer and cancer of the female reproductive tract - Screening a variety of progestins and antiprogestins for treatment of cli
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Transgenic Mice for Modeling Male Infertility

APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY: - Research on male infertility - Development of male contraceptives ADVANTAGES: - Provides homogeneous experimental groups - Heterozygotes remain fertile, ensuring supply of infertile homozygotes ABSTRACT: G. Shyamala Harris and colleagues at Berkeley Lab have cr
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Transgenic Mice: Atherosclerosis Portfolio

APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY: - Research into factors involved in atherosclerosis - Investigation into pharmacological agents that may affect expression of proatherogenic human proteins ADVANTAGES: Mice express genomic human proteins ABSTRACT: Apolipoprotein (a) Apo(a) plasma concentration i
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Transgenic Mice: Breast Cancer and Leukemia

APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY: - Breast cancer research - In vivo testing of potential drug therapies for breast cancer and leukemia ADVANTAGES: - Novel in vivo model to study initiation and promotion of breast cancer and leukemia - ABSTRACT: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important regulato
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Aligned Crystal Growth at Polymerized Membranes

APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY: - Semiconductor crystals - Magnetic materials ADVANTAGES: Low-cost, low-energy method works at room temperature ABSTRACT: LBNL researchers, Deborah Charych and Amir Berman, have developed a low cost, low energy method of growing oriented, co-aligned crystalline m
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An Apolipoprotein that Strongly Modulates Plasma Triglyceride Levels

APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY: - Creation of new lipid-reducing drugs - Large scale genetic screening of individuals for cardiovascular disease susceptibility - Delivery of the ApoAV protein to reduce high triglyceride and VLDL levels in humans - Gene therapy potential for this liver-specific gene -
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Antibodies for Monitoring and Phosphorylation Sites for Inhibiting DNA Double-Strand Break Repair

APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY: - Developing therapeutics for the radiosensitization of cancer cells - Assessing the efficacy of cancer treatments - Cancer drug screening and development - Research on the in vivo activity of DNA-PK ADVANTAGES: - Identifies two major DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation si
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Apolipoprotein A-1 Variants for Reducing Cardiovascular-Related Risks

Single dose drug therapy for preventing restenosis and reducing the effects of acute phase response ADVANTAGES: - Promises to help prevent restenosis and thereby reduce the frequency of repeated invasive procedures to clear arterial blockages - Potentially inhibits the harmful oxidative effects
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Berkeley Ergonomic Arm

Berkeley Ergonomic Arm is a practical ergonomic intervention and support system to improve productivity and reduce work place ergonomic-related injuries. Berkeley Ergonomic Arm dynamically enhances musculoskeletal support and comfort during sitting tasks at the computer or standing at a bench top or
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Biomimetic Agents for Replacement of NAD+/NADH in Enzymatic Reactions

APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY: - Preparation of chiral, pharmaceuticals, or specialty organic compounds - Biosensor technology for medical, chemical and biological sensing ADVANTAGES: - Co-factors are stable in air and water - Co-factors are designed without sugar, phosphate, or adenine groups - Co
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Controlled Catalytic and Thermal Sequential Pyrolysis and Hydrolysis of Mixed Polymer Waste Streams to Sequentially Recover Monomers or Other High Value Products

A process of using fast pyrolysis in a carrier gas to convert a plastic waste feedstream having a mixed polymeric composition in a manner such that pyrolysis of a given polymer to its high value monomeric constituent occurs prior to pyrolysis of other plastic components therein comprising: selecting
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Controlled Catalytic and Thermal Sequential Pyrolysis and Hydrolysis of Mixed Polymer Waste Stream to Sequentially Recover Monomers or Other High Value Products

A process of using fast pyrolysis in a carrier gas to convert a plastic waste feedstream having a mixed polymeric composition in a manner such that pyrolysis of a given polymer to its high value monomeric constituent occurs prior to pyrolysis of other plastic components therein comprising: selecting
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Controlled Catalytic and Thermal Sequential Pyrolysis and Hydrolysis of Phenolic Resin Containing Waste Streams to Sequentially Recover Monomers and Chemicals

A process of using fast pyrolysis in a carrier gas to convert a waste phenolic resin containing feedstreams in a manner such that pyrolysis of said resins and a given high value monomeric constituent occurs prior to pyrolyses of the resins in other monomeric components therein comprising: selecting
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Controlled Catalytic and Thermal Sequential Pyrolysis and Hydrolysis of Polymer Waste Comprising Nylon 6 and a Poyolefin or Mixtures of Polyolefins to Sequentially Recover Monomers or Other High Value

A process of using fast pyrolysis in a carrier gas to convert a plastic waste feedstream having a mixed polymeric composition in a manner such that pyrolysis of a given polymer to its high value monomeric constituent occurs prior to pyrolysis of other plastic components therein comprising: selecting
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Dilute Acid/Metal Salt Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosics

A modified dilute acid method of hydrolyzing the cellulose and hemicellulose in lignocellulosic material under conditions to obtain higher overall fermentable sugar yields than is obtainable using dilute acid alone, comprising:impregnating a lignocellulosic feedstock with a mixture of an amount of a
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Gene Encoding Acetyl-Coenzyme a Carboxylase

A DNA encoding an acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) from a photosynthetic organism and functional derivatives thereof which are resistant to inhibition from certain herbicides. This gene can be placed in organisms to increase their fatty acid content or to render them resistant to certain herbi
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Hydrolysis and Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass

A multi-function process is described for the hydrolysis and fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass to separate hemicellulosic sugars from other biomass components such as extractives and proteins; a portion of the solubilized lignin; cellulose; glucose derived from cellulose; and insoluble lignin
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Isolated Gene Encoding an Enzyme with UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase and Phosphoglucomutase Activities from Cyclotella Cryptica

The present invention relates to a cloned gene which encodes an enzyme, the purified enzyme, and the applications and products resulting from the use of the gene and enzyme. The gene, isolated from Cyclotella cryptica, encodes a multifunctional enzyme that has both UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and
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Isolation of Levoglucosan from Lignocellulosic Pyrolysis Oil Derived from Wood or Waste Newsprint

A method is provided for preparing high purity levoglucosan from lignocellulosic pyrolysis oils derived from wood or waste newsprint. The method includes reducing wood or newsprint to fine particle sizes, treating the particles with a hot mineral acid for a predetermined period of time, and filterin
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Nanostructures Produced by Phase-Separation during Growth of (III-V).sub.1-x(IV.sub.2).sub.x Alloys

Nanostructures (18) and methods for production thereof by phase separation during metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE). An embodiment of one of the methods may comprise providing a growth surface in a reaction chamber and introducing a first mixture of precursor materials into the reaction cham
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Low Molecular Weight Thermostable .Beta.-D-Glucosidase from Acidothermus Cellulolyticus

A purified low molecular weight .beta.-D-glucosidase is produced from Acidothermus cellulolyticus ATCC 43068. The enzyme is water soluble, possesses activity against pNP-.beta.-D-glucopyranoside, has a high of degree of stability toward heat, exhibits optimal temperature activity at about 65.degree.
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Method for Increasing Thermostability in Cellulase Enzymes

The gene encoding Acidothermus cellulolyticus E1 endoglucanase is cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. A new modified E1 endoglucanase enzyme comprising the catalytic domain of the full size E1 enzyme demonstrates enhanced thermostability and is produced by two methods. The first method of produ
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Method for Predicting Dry Mechanical Properties from Wet Wood and Standing Trees

A method for determining the dry mechanical strength for a green wood comprising: illuminating a surface of the wood to be determined with light between 350-2,500 nm, the wood having a green moisture content; analyzing the surface using a spectrometric method, the method generating a first spectral
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Method of Predicting Mechanical Properties of Decayed Wood

A method for determining the mechanical properties of decayed wood that has been exposed to wood decay microorganisms, comprising:a) illuminating a surface of decayed wood that has been exposed to wood decay microorganisms with wavelengths from visible and near infrared (VIS-NIR) spectra;b) analyzin
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Method of Separating Lignocellulosic Material into Lignin, Cellulose and Dissolved Sugars

A method for separating lignocellulosic material into (a) lignin, (b) cellulose, and (c) hemicellulose and dissolved sugars. Wood or herbaceous biomass is digested at elevated temperature in a single-phase mixture of alcohol, water and a water-immiscible organic solvent (e.g., a ketone). After diges
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Pentose Fermentation by Recombinant Zymomonas

The invention relates to microorganisms which normally do not ferment pentose sugar and which are genetically altered to ferment pentose sugar to produce ethanol, and fermentation processes utilizing the same. Examples include Zymomonas mobilis which has been transformed with combinations of E. coli
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Pentose Fermentation of Normally Toxic Lignocellulose Prehydrolysate with Strain of Pichia Stipitis Yeast Using Air

Strains of the yeast Pichia stipitis NPw9 (ATCC PTA-3717) useful for the production of ethanol using oxygen for growth while fermenting normally toxic lignocellulosic prehydrolysates.
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Phenol Removal Pretreatment Process

A process for removing phenols from an aqueous solution is provided, which comprises the steps of contacting a mixture comprising the solution and a metal oxide, forming a phenol metal oxide complex, and removing the complex from the mixture.
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Thermostable Purified Endoglucanases from Thermophilic Bacterium Acidothermus Cellulyticius

A substantially purified high molecular weight cellulase enzyme having a molecular weight of between about 156,000 to about 203,400 daltons isolated from the bacterium Acidothermus cellulolyticus (ATCC 43068) and a method of producing it are disclosed. The enzyme is water soluble, possesses both C.s
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Thermostable Purified Endoglucanases from Thermophilic Bacterium Acidothermus Cellulyticius

A purified low molecular weight cellulase endoglucanase I having a molecular weight of between about 57,420 to about 74,580 daltons from Acidothermus cellulolyticus (ATCC 43068). The cellulase is water soluble, possesses both C.sub.1 and C.sub.x types of enzyme activity, a high degree of stability t
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Thin-Film Solar Cell Fabricated on a Flexible Metallic Substrate

A thin-film solar cell (10) is provided. The thin-film solar cell (10) comprises a flexible metallic substrate (12) having a first surface and a second surface. A back metal contact layer (16) is deposited on the first surface of the flexible metallic substrate (12). A semiconductor absorber layer (
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System for Monitoring the Growth of Crystalline Films on Stationary Substrates

A system for monitoring the growth of crystalline films on stationary or rotating substrates includes a combination of some or all of the elements including a photodiode sensor for detecting the intensity of incoming light and converting it to a measurable current, a lens for focusing the RHEED patt
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System for Charactrizing Semiconductor Materials and Photovoltaic Devices Through Calibration

A method and apparatus for measuring characteristics of a piece of material, typically semiconductor materials including photovoltaic devices. The characteristics may include dislocation defect density, grain boundaries, reflectance, external LBIC, internal LBIC, and minority carrier diffusion lengt
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Substrate Structures for InP-Based Devices

A substrate structure for an InP-based semiconductor device having an InP based film is disclosed. The substrate structure includes a substrate region having a lightweight bulk substrate and an upper GaAs layer. An interconnecting region is disposed between the substrate region and the InP-based dev
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System for Characterizing Semiconductor Materials and Photovoltaic Device

Apparatus for detecting and mapping defects in the surfaces of polycrystalline material in a manner that distinguishes dislocation pits from grain boundaries includes a first laser of a first wavelength for illuminating a wide spot on the surface of the material, a second laser of a second relativel
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Substrate for Thin Silicon Solar Cells

A photovoltaic device for converting solar energy into electrical signals comprises a substrate, a layer of photoconductive semiconductor material grown on said substrate, wherein the substrate comprises an alloy of boron and silicon, the boron being present in a range of from 0.1 to 1.3 atomic perc
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Stacked Switchable Element and Diode Combination

A device (10) comprises a semiconductor diode (12) and a switchable element (14) positioned in stacked adjacent relationship so that the semiconductor diode (12) and the switchable element (14) are electrically connected in series with one another. The switchable element (14) is switchable from a lo
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Solution Synthesis of Mixed-Metal Chalcogenide Nanoparticles and Spray Deposition of Precursor Films

A colloidal suspension comprising metal chalcogenide nanoparticles and a volatile capping agent. The colloidal suspension is made by reacting a metal salt with a chalcogenide salt in an organic solvent to precipitate a metal chalcogenide, recovering the metal chalcogenide, and admixing the metal cha
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Solar Thermal Aerosol Flow Reaction Process

Solar Thermal Aerosol Flow Reaction Process
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Solar-Thermal Fluid-Wall Reaction Processing

The present invention provides a method for carrying out high temperature thermal dissociation reactions requiring rapid-heating and short residence times using solar energy. In particular, the present invention provides a method for carrying out high temperature thermal reactions such as dissociati
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Single-Junction Solar Cells with the Optium Band Gap for Terrestrial Concentrator Applications

A single-junction solar cell having the ideal band gap for terrestrial concentrator applications. Computer modeling studies of single-junction solar cells have shown that the presence of absorption bands in the direct spectrum has the effect of "pinning" the optimum band gap for a wide range of oper
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Shallow Melt Apparatus for Semicontinuous Czochralski Crystal Growth

The present invention relates to growing crystals without encountering the problems normally associated with conventional Czochralski crystal growth of: strong melt convection that causes deteriorated crystal quality, constantly changing thermal conditions; segregation causing non-uniformity in dopa
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Multi-junction solar cell device

A multi-junction solar cell device (10) is provided. The multi-junction solar cell device (10) comprises either two or three active solar cells connected in series in a monolithic structure. The multi-junction device (10) comprises a bottom active cell (20) having a single-crystal silicon substrate
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Prehydrolysis of Lignocellulose

The invention relates to the prehydrolysis of lignocellulose by passing an acidic or alkaline solution through solid lignocellulosic particles with removal of soluble components as they are formed. The technique permits a less severe combination of pH, temperature and time than conventional prehydro
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Preparation of Brightness Stabilization Agent for Lignin Containing Pulp from Biomass Pyrolysis Oils

A process for producing a brightness stabilization mixture of water-soluble organic compounds from biomass pyrolysis oils comprising:a) size-reducing biomass material and pyrolyzing the size-reduced biomass material in a fluidized bed reactor;b) separating a char/ash component while maintaining char
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Pretreatment of High Solid Microbial Sludges

A process and apparatus for pretreating microbial sludges in order to enhance secondary anaerobic digestion. The pretreatment process involves disrupting the cellular integrity of municipal sewage sludge through a combination of thermal, explosive decompression and shear forces. The sludge is pressu
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Pretreatment of Microbial Sludges

Methods are described for pretreating microbial sludges to break cells and disrupt organic matter. One method involves the use of sonication, and another method involves the use of shear forces. The pretreatment of sludge enhances bioconversion of the organic fraction. This allows for efficient dewa
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Process for Fractionating Fast-Pyrolysis Oils, and Products Derived Therefrom

A process is disclosed for fractionating lignocellulosic materials fast-prolysis oils to produce phenol-containing compositions suitable for the manufacture of phenol-formaldehyde resins. The process includes admixing the oils with an organic solvent having at least a moderate solubility parameter a
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Process for Preparing Phenolic Formaldehyde Resole Resin Products Derived from Fractionated Fast-pyrolysis Oils

A process for preparing phenol-formaldehyde resole resins and adhesive compositions in which portions of the phenol normally contained in said resins are replaced by a phenol/neutral fractions extract obtained from fractionating fast-pyrolysis oils.
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Process for Producing Phenolic Compounds from Lignins

A process for the production of low molecular weight phenolic compounds from lignins through the pyrolysis of the lignins in the presence of a strong base. In a preferred embodiment, potassium hydroxide is present in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight, the pyrolysis temperature is fr
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Process for the Conversion of and Aqueous Biomass Hydrolyzate into Fuels or Chemicals by the Selective Removal of fermentation Inhibitors

A process of making a fuel or chemical from a biomass hydrolyzate is provided which comprises the steps of providing a biomass hydrolyzate, adjusting the pH of the hydrolyzate, contacting a metal oxide having an affinity for guaiacyl or syringyl functional groups, or both and the hydrolyzate for a t
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Progressing Batch Hydrolysis Process

A progressive batch hydrolysis process for producing sugar from a lignocellulosic feedstock, comprising passing a stream of dilute acid serially through a plurality of percolation hydrolysis reactors charged with said feedstock, at a flow rate, temperature and pressure sufficient to substantially co
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Purification of Caprolactam from Recycled Nylon

A method of removing 1,11-diamino-6-undecanone from the pyrolysis product of nylon comprising: a) pyrolyzing nylon-6 to form a pyrolyzate containing a caprolactam mixture;b) dissolving the caprolactam mixture in a solvent to form a solution;c) passing carbon dioxide gas through the solution to form
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Pyrolysis and Hydrolysis of Mixed Polymer Waste Comprising Polyethyleneterephthalate and Polyethylene to Sequentially Recover

A process of using fast pyrolysis in a carrier gas to convert a plastic waste feedstream having a mixed polymeric composition in a manner such that pyrolysis of a given polymer to its high value monomeric constituent occurs prior to pyrolysis of other plastic components therein comprising: selectin
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Pyrolysis of Polystyrene - Polyphenylene Oxide to Recover Styrene and Useful Products

A process of using fast pyrolysis in a carrier gas to convert a polystyrene and polyphenylene oxide plastic waste to a given polystyrene and polyphenylene oxide prior to pyrolysis of other plastic components therein comprising:selecting a first temperature range to cause pyrolysis of given polystyre
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Recombinant Lactobacillus for Fermentation of Xylose to Lactic Acid and Lactate

A recombinant Lactobacillus MONT4 is provided which has been genetically engineered with xylose isomerase and xylulokinase genes from Lactobacillus pentosus to impart to the Lactobacillus MONT4 the ability to ferment lignocellulosic biomass containing xylose to lactic acid.
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Recombinant Zymomonas for Pentose Fermentation

The invention relates to microorganisms which normally do not ferment a pentose sugar and which are genetically altered to ferment this pentose to produce ethanol. A representative example is Zymomonas mobilis which has been transformed with E. coli xylose isomerase, xylulokinase, transaldolase and
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Using liquid desiccant as a regenerable filter for capturing and deactivating contaminants

A method, and systems for implementing such method, for purifying and conditioning air of weaponized contaminants. The method includes wetting a filter packing media with a salt-based liquid desiccant, such as water with a high concentration of lithium chloride. Air is passed through the wetted filt
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Ion-Beam Treatment to Prepare Surfaces of p-CdTe Films

A method of making a low-resistance electrical contact between a p-CdTe layer and outer contact layers by ion beam processing comprising:a) placing a CdS/CdTe device into a chamber and evacuating the chamber;b) orienting the p-CdTe side of the CdS/CdTe layer so that it faces apparatus capable of gen
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Isoelectronic Co-doping

Isoelectronic co-doping of semiconductor compounds and alloys with deep acceptors and deep donors is used to decrease bandgap, to increase concentration of the dopant constituents in the resulting alloys, and to increase carrier mobilities lifetimes. Group III-V compounds and alloys, such as GaAs an
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Low-Band Gap Double-Heterostructure InAsP/GaInAs Photovoltaic Converters

A low-bandgap, double-heterostructure PV device is provided, including in optical alignment a first InP.sub.1-y As.sub.y n-layer formed with an n-type dopant, an Ga.sub.x In.sub.1-x As absorber layer, the absorber layer having an n-region formed with an n-type dopant and an p-region formed with a p-
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Metal processing for impurity gettering in silicon

A method is provided for gettering impurities from silicon wafers and devices to improve the quality of the material and the device performance. The wafer or the device is coated on the back-side with a layer of aluminum and is illuminated form the other side with light having a significant portion
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Method and Apparatus for Differential Spectroscopic Atomic Imaging Using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

A Method and apparatus for differential spectroscopic atomic-imaging is disclosed for spatial resolution and imaging for display not only individual atoms on a sample surface, but also bonding and the specific atomic species in such bond. The apparatus includes a scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
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Method and Apparatus for Fabricating a Thin-Film Solar Cell Utilizing a Hot Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique

A thin-film solar cell is provided. The thin-film solar cell comprises an a-SiGe:H (1.6 eV) n-i-p solar cell having a deposition rate of at least ten (10) .ANG./second for the a-SiGe:H intrinsic layer by hot wire chemical vapor deposition. A method for fabricating a thin film solar cell is also prov
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Method and apparatus for forming conformal SiN.sub.x films

A silicon nitride film formation method includes: heating a substrate to be subjected to film formation to a substrate temperature; heating a wire to a wire temperature; supplying silane, ammonia, and hydrogen gases to the heating member; and forming a silicon nitride film on the substrate.
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Method and Apparatus for Forming High-Critical-Temperatures Superconducting Layers on Flat and/or Elongated Substrates

An elongated, flexible superconductive wire or strip is fabricated by pulling it through and out of a melt of metal oxide material at a rate conducive to forming a crystalline coating of superconductive metal oxide material on an elongated, flexible substrate wire or strip. A coating of crystalline
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Method and Apparatus for Measuring Spatial Uniformity of Radiation

A method and apparatus for measuring the spatial uniformity of the intensity of a radiation beam from a radiation source based on a single sampling time and/or a single pulse of radiation. The measuring apparatus includes a plurality of radiation detectors positioned on planar mounting plate to form
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Method and Apparatus for Simulating Atmospheric Absorption of Solar Energy Due to Water Vapor and CO.sub.2

A method and apparatus for improving the accuracy of the simulation of sunlight reaching the earth's surface includes a relatively small heated chamber having an optical inlet and an optical outlet, the chamber having a cavity that can be filled with a heated stream of CO.sub.2 and water vapor. A si
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Method for Improving the Stability of Amorphous Silicon

A method of producing a metastable degradation resistant amorphous hydrogenated silicon film is provided, which comprises the steps of growing a hydrogenated amorphous silicon film, the film having an exposed surface, illuminating the surface using an essentially blue or ultraviolet light to form hi
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Method for Preparing Homogeneous Single Crystal Ternary III-V Alloys

A method for producing homogeneous, single-crystal III-V ternary alloys of high crystal perfection using a floating crucible system in which the outer crucible holds a ternary alloy of the composition desired to be produced in the crystal and an inner floating crucible having a narrow, melt-passing
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Method for Processing Silicon Solar Cells

The instant invention teaches a novel method for fabricating silicon solar cells utilizing concentrated solar radiation. The solar radiation is concentrated by use of a solar furnace which is used to form a front surface junction and back-surface field in one processing step. The present invention a
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Method of Fabricating High-Efficiency Cu(In, Ga)Se.sub.2 Thin Films for Solar Cells

A process for producing a slightly Cu-poor thin film of Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S).sub.2 comprises depositing a first layer of (In,Ga).sub.x (Se,S).sub.y followed by depositing just enough Cu+(Se,S) or Cu.sub.x (Se,S) to produce the desired slightly Cu-poor material. In a variation, most, but not all, (about 9
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Method of Preparing Nitrogen Containing Semiconductor Material

A method of combining group III elements with group V elements that incorporates at least nitrogen from a nitrogen halide for use in semiconductors and in particular semiconductors in photovoltaic cells.
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Molecular Assemblies as Protective Barriers and Adhesion Promotion Interlayer

A protective diffusion barrier having adhesive qualifies for metalized surfaces is provided by a passivating agent having the formula HS--(CH.sub.2).sub.11 --COOH Which forms a very dense, transparent organized molecular assembly or layer that is impervious to water, alkali, and other impurities and
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Recrystallization Method to Selenization of Thin-Film Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2 for Semiconductor Device Applications

A process for fabricating slightly Cu-poor thin-films of Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2 on a substrate for semiconductor device applications includes the steps of forming initially a slightly Cu-rich, phase separated, mixture of Cu(In,Ga)Se.sub.2 :Cu.sub.x Se on the substrate in solid form followed by exposure o
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Reactive Codoping of GaAlInP Compound Semiconductors

A GaAlInP compound semiconductor and a method of producing a GaAlInP compound semiconductor are provided. The apparatus and method comprises a GaAs crystal substrate in a metal organic vapor deposition reactor. Al, Ga, and In vapors are prepared by thermally decomposing organometallic compounds. P v
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Rapid Low-Temperature Epitaxial Growth Using a Hot-Element Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition Process

The invention provides a process for depositing an epitaxial layer on a crystalline substrate, comprising the steps of providing a chamber having an element capable of heating, introducing the substrate into the chamber, heating the element at a temperature sufficient to decompose a source gas, pass
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Radio Frequency Coupling Apparatus and Method for Measuring Minority Carrier Lifetimes in Semiconductor Materials

An apparatus for measuring the minority carrier lifetime of a semiconductor sample using radio-frequency coupling. The measuring apparatus includes an antenna that is positioned a coupling distance from a semiconductor sample which is exposed to light pulses from a laser during sampling operations.
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Production of Films and Powders for Semiconductor Device Applications

A process for chemical bath deposition of selenide and sulfide salts as films and powders employable as precursors for the fabrication of solar cell devices. The films and powders include (1) Cu.sub.x Se.sub.n, wherein x=1-2 and n=1-3; (2) Cu.sub.x Ga.sub.y Se.sub.n, wherein x=1-2, y=0-1 and n=1-3;
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Processing Approach Towards the Formation of Thin-Film CU(IN,GA)SE2

A two-stage method of producing thin-films of group IB-IIIA-VIA on a substrate for semiconductor device applications includes a first stage of depositing an amorphous group IB-IIIA-VIA precursor onto an unheated substrate, wherein the precursor contains all of the group IB and group IIIA constituent
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Process for Producing Cadmium Sulfide on a Cadmium Telluride Surface

A process for producing a layer of cadmium sulfide on a cadmium telluride surface to be employed in a photovoltaic device. The process comprises providing a cadmium telluride surface which is exposed to a hydrogen sulfide plasma at an exposure flow rate, an exposure time and an exposure temperature
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Process for Polycrystalline Film Silicon Growth

A process for depositing polycrystalline silicon on substrates, including foreign substrates, occurs in a chamber at about atmospheric pressure, wherein a temperature gradient is formed, and both the atmospheric pressure and the temperature gradient are maintained throughout the process. Formation o
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Process for Fabricating Polycrystalline Semiconductor Thin-Film Solar Cells, and Cells Produced Thereby

A novel, simplified method for fabricating a thin-film semiconductor heterojunction photovoltaic device includes initial steps of depositing a layer of cadmium stannate and a layer of zinc stannate on a transparent substrate, both by radio frequency sputtering at ambient temperature, followed by the
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Preparation of Transparent Conductors, Ferroelectric Memory Materials and Ferrites

A process for the preparation by electrodeposition of metal oxide film and powder compounds for ferroelectric memory materials and ferrites wherein the metal oxide includes a plurality of metals. The process comprises providing an electrodeposition bath, providing soluble salts of the metals to this
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Preparation of CuInSe.sub.2 Precursors Films and Powders by Electroless Deposition

A method for electroless deposition of Cu.sub.x In.sub.y Ga.sub.z Se.sub.n (x=0-2, y=0-2, z=0-2, n=0-3) precursor films and powders onto a metallic substrate comprising:preparing an aqueous bath solution of compounds selected from the group consisting of:I) a copper compound, a selenium compound, an
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Preparation of a Semiconductor Thin Film

A process for the preparation of a semiconductor film. The process comprises depositing nanoparticles of a semiconductor material onto a substrate whose surface temperature during nanoparticle deposition thereon is sufficient to cause substantially simultaneous fusion of the nanoparticles to thereby
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Plasma and Reactive Ion Etchning to Prepare OHMIC Contacts

A method of making a low-resistance electrical contact between a metal and a layer of p-type CdTe surface by plasma etching and reactive ion etching comprising:a) placing a CdS/CdTe layer into a chamber and evacuating said chamber;b) backfilling the chamber with Argon or a reactive gas to a pressure
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Photovoltaic Devices Comprising Zinc Stannate Buffer Layer and Method for Making

A photovoltaic device has a buffer layer zinc stannate Zn.sub.2 SnO.sub.4 disposed between the semiconductor junction structure and the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer to prevent formation of localized junctions with the TCO through a thin window semiconductor layer, to prevent shunting thr
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Photovoltaic Devices Comprising Cadmium Stannate Transparent Conducting Films and Method for Making

A photovoltaic device having a substrate, a layer of Cd.sub.2 SnO.sub.4 disposed on said substrate as a front contact, a thin film comprising two or more layers of semiconductor materials disposed on said layer of Cd.sub.2 SnO.sub.4, and an electrically conductive film disposed on said thin film of
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Passivating Etchants for Metallic Particles

The present invention provides a process for etching a corrosion layer, such as oxide or hydroxide, from and concomitantly forming a passivating layer on the surface of metallic nanoparticles. A reaction mixture is prepared by dispersing sodium hexafluoroacetylacetonate (Na(hfa)) and a metallic part
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